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This chapter examines the 80-year trajectory of Article 9 of the 1946 Japanese Constitution—a pacifist provision—from six perspectives: Washington and San Francisco, the former Japanese Empire, the Japanese people, Okinawa, East Asia, and global civil society. It argues that with Article 9 the United States incorporated postwar Japan into Pax Americana as a subordinate partner. The US shift from Japan’s demilitarization to rearmament generated a lasting tension between Article 9 and the US-Japan Security Treaty as competing principles of peace and security. While the US-Japan alliance appears to overshadow Article 9, the latter still retains its normative force. Rather than resolving these contradictions by textual constitutional revisions, the chapter calls for engaging them constructively in collaboration with global civil society to envision a new world order.

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Six Faces of Article 9: Japan’s Constitutional Pacifism and the World Order

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Akihiko Kimijima

摘要

This chapter examines the 80-year trajectory of Article 9 of the 1946 Japanese Constitution—a pacifist provision—from six perspectives: Washington and San Francisco, the former Japanese Empire, the Japanese people, Okinawa, East Asia, and global civil society. It argues that with Article 9 the United States incorporated postwar Japan into Pax Americana as a subordinate partner. The US shift from Japan’s demilitarization to rearmament generated a lasting tension between Article 9 and the US-Japan Security Treaty as competing principles of peace and security. While the US-Japan alliance appears to overshadow Article 9, the latter still retains its normative force. Rather than resolving these contradictions by textual constitutional revisions, the chapter calls for engaging them constructively in collaboration with global civil society to envision a new world order.