This chapter examines language as a core element of cultural identity and analyzes the protection of linguistic interests within the European human rights framework. While international instruments such as the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages recognize the importance of minority languages, the European Court of Human Rights has traditionally adopted a cautious and restrictive approach to linguistic rights. The chapter surveys the Court’s case law on education, broadcasting, personal names, political participation, detention, and access to justice, highlighting the broad margin of appreciation afforded to states in the absence of common European standards. Particular attention is given to the symbolic and identity-based dimensions of language use, which often escape protection due to demanding evidentiary thresholds. Recent developments suggest a gradual sensitivity to the role of language in private life and cultural identity, yet without recognition of autonomous linguistic rights. The chapter concludes that linguistic protection under the Convention remains indirect, contextual, and incremental, shaped by competing interests in national cohesion, administrative efficiency, and pluralism.