This chapter explores the relationship between cultural identity and human rights in contemporary Europe, in the context of increasing cultural, religious, racial, and ethnic diversity and the retreat from multiculturalism. It traces the shift from political accommodation of diversity toward judicial resolution of identity-related claims, with particular emphasis on the growing role of the European Court of Human Rights in mediating conflicts between minority identity claims, democratic values and state interests. The chapter examines the multidimensional and fluid nature of cultural identity, highlighting its individual and collective dimensions and its intersectional character. It further analyzes the normative link between cultural identity and human dignity within international human rights law, addressing the unresolved debate over the recognition of an autonomous right to cultural identity. The chapter argues that human rights law provides a flexible framework capable of protecting cultural identities while setting legitimate limits on practices incompatible with fundamental rights.