The work concerns the evaluation of the edge wear and surface quality, defined by the topography and microstructure of the surface layer of the machined surface, using a 10 × D tool holder overhang. The tests were carried out on samples made of Inconel 718 material, in the conditions of finishing turning with constant cutting parameters. The specimens were subjected to heat treatment, consisting of solution heat treatment and precipitation hardening, as a result of which a hardness of 45 ± 2 HRC was obtained. A turning holder with a vibration damper with a diameter of 70 mm and an overhang of 700 mm was used. This type of holder is dedicated to turning internal surfaces. The tests were carried out using V-shaped cutting inserts from five different tool manufacturers, made of coated fine-grained cemented carbides. The values of the obtained surface topography parameters and the microstructure of the surface layer were assessed. The edge wear was also evaluated. Based on the conducted tests, it was found that the surface roughness, as well as the microstructure of the surface layer, is mostly influenced by the wear of the edge. For the cutting edge that exhibited the highest wear, as assessed by the VBC indicator, the highest values of surface topography parameters were obtained, amounting to Sa = 2.38 ± 0.026 μm and Sz = 12.1 ± 1.12 μm at the preliminary phase of machining and Sa = 4.37 ± 0.037 μm and Sz = 15.7 ± 0.95 μm in the terminal phase of machining.