Problem-Based Learning (PBL) remains an actively researched instructional method, particularly in the context of evolving digital learning environments. With the rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), there is a growing interest in how AI can support online collaborative learning and critical thinking. This study investigates how AI and online PBL support critical thinking and collaboration, while showcasing the implementation of online PBL in teaching web programming. A total of 60 s-semester students (35 female and 25 male) from a public university in Yemen participated in this study. The data were collected through individual interviews with a purposive sample of 20 students and analysed using thematic analysis. The findings indicated that online PBL effectively supports students in actively constructing knowledge, improving learning achievements, and developing essential skills. It fosters critical thinking, independent learning, and problem-solving skills, while also enhancing communication and collaboration abilities. Online PBL is a potential intervention that can provide a learning environment that better addresses students’ needs and aligns more closely with their motivational interests in web programming education. This study contributes to the recent body of literature by presenting empirical data on the effectiveness of online PBL and providing valuable insights for educators seeking to implement student-centered models in virtual learning environments.