The genus Pinus represents ~110 species with a global distribution. The genus is divided into two subsections: subgenus Pinus, or the hard pines, and subgenus Strobus, or the soft pines. These subgenera differ in their ecology, physiology, and anatomy. In this chapter, we compare the anatomy of wood and leaves in subgenera Pinus and Strobus. In general, species in Pinus have two to three needles per fascicle with each having two vascular bundles per leaf, whereas species in Strobus tend to have four to five needles per fascicle (but sometimes one or two) with each needle having one vascular bundle. Additionally, leaves of Strobus tend to have greater amounts of mesophyll tissue per volume than do those from subgenus Pinus. The wood of soft pines tends to be less dense than wood in hard pines and soft pines appear to be more vulnerable to embolism than hard pines. Other wood differences between hard and soft pines include maximum hydraulic conductivities, earlywood-latewood transition, ray parenchyma pitting patterns, and the amount of parenchyma (as a percentage of total wood volume) which may be related to the amounts of resin produced and associated vulnerability to pathogens. These anatomical differences are placed in the contexts of both physiology and ecology of this economically and ecologically important genus.