In the long evolutionary history of humanity, Neanderthals once dominated Europe and West Asia. With their robust physiques, extensive hunting experience, and relatively large brain capacities, this ancient human group survived tenaciously through harsh ice ages. In fact, compared to modern humans, Neanderthals possessed stronger bodies and even larger brains. Yet, around forty thousand years ago, they mysteriously vanished from the Earth. Why did such a seemingly formidable and highly adaptable population ultimately become extinct? This question has captivated both scientists and the general public alike.