This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of the role of electricity and photovoltaic (PV) energy in the context of the global energy transition, highlighting projections for the growth in electricity demand and the need to expand low-emission technologies to meet climate goals. Initially, the advances in the use of solar energy are contextualized, with emphasis on the consolidation of PV generation as one of the pillars of the future electricity matrix. Following this, the main environmental factors affecting the performance of PV systems are addressed, with emphasis on the phenomenon of soiling, presenting its formation mechanisms, impacts on electrical parameters, energy losses, and economic implications associated with increased operating and maintenance costs. Finally, the chapter contextualizes the growing relevance of the topic considering the accelerated expansion of PV systems on a centralized and distributed scale.