Climate change threatens global water resources. Without proactive actions, rising global temperatures will continue to worsen hydrological extremes, intensifying the dry gets drier and wet gets wetter paradigm. This will trigger unpredictable and catastrophic weather events, shifts in rainfall patterns, more frequent severe floods and droughts, sea level rise, and glacial melt. Such changes lead to declining water quality and disturbed quantity, and profound implications for biodiversity, human health, and the global economy. This chapter provides strategies for water resources protection amid climate change. It explores the critical link between climate change and global water resources, explaining the mechanisms by which global warming alters the hydrological cycle and water bodies. The chapter also evaluates the associated effects on human health and the ecosystem, as well as socio-economic losses, including impacts on the water-energy-food nexus and international water governance. Crucially, the work provides key mitigation strategies and practical policies to strengthen water resources’ resilience against climate change. These strategies encompass a multi-pillar approach involving advanced technological techniques, nature-based interventions, and integrated adaptation frameworks. By examining the relationship between local microclimates and global macroclimatic shifts, the chapter provides actionable insights for decision makers. It concludes by identifying future research directions and the necessity of international cooperation to ensure long-term water security in an increasingly unpredictable climate.