The article examines the energy transition through factors’ analysis defining its outcome. The set of factors is identified based on review of academic literature and expert reports in the field of energy transition. the shift from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0 strengthens the focus on assessing both the efficiency of the energy transition and its driving forces has become increasingly important. In this context, energy productivity is employed as an analytical outcome that captures the combined economic and energy-related effects of the transition. Using factor analysis, including elasticity estimates, standardised beta coefficients, correlation matrices, and forecasting models, the study identifies critical bottlenecks in the energy transition, highlights the most influential determinants of energy transformation, and summarises the key risks that constrain progress. The results indicate that energy-system readiness, ICT use in the workplace, and gross domestic expenditure on R&D constitute innovation–digital core of energy productivity, providing the strongest positive contributions to its improvement. At the same time, significant risks are associated with high carbon intensity of power generation, energy import dependence, and price pressures, which systematically affect performance at both national and enterprise levels. These findings provide an empirical basis for designing targeted energy transition policies and supporting measures.