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This paper proposes NFTWAB (NFT Watermark and Blockchain), a decentralized framework for NFT image copyright protection that integrates lightweight watermarking, Ethereum-based Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), and the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) in a dual-layer architecture. Conventional NFTs provide transparent, immutable token-ownership records but suffer from the Detachment Flaw: the underlying image file can be separated from the token and replicated across off-chain platforms, leaving on-chain proofs unable to authenticate detached copies. NFTWAB addresses this limitation through an Intrinsic Forensic Layer and an Integrity and Provenance Anchor Layer. The intrinsic layer embeds imperceptible authorship information into image pixels using a cost-efficient Least Significant Bit (LSB) watermark, while the anchor layer records the IPFS Content Identifier (CID) and a cryptographic commitment (hash) of the embedded watermark bitstream in an ERC-721 smart contract. This design links content-embedded forensic evidence to blockchain-anchored metadata, enabling verification when images circulate off-chain. Experiments on standard test images show high visual quality (PSNR \(>56~\textrm{dB}\) , SSIM \(>0.99\) ), correct watermark recovery in the baseline (no-attack) setting, and modest on-chain gas overhead, demonstrating its practicality for NFT-based image copyright protection.

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NFTWAB: A Decentralized Approach to NFT Image Copyright Protection Using LSB Watermarking, Ethereum, and IPFS

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Thanh Ha Nguyen,
  • Minh Thanh Ta

摘要

This paper proposes NFTWAB (NFT Watermark and Blockchain), a decentralized framework for NFT image copyright protection that integrates lightweight watermarking, Ethereum-based Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), and the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) in a dual-layer architecture. Conventional NFTs provide transparent, immutable token-ownership records but suffer from the Detachment Flaw: the underlying image file can be separated from the token and replicated across off-chain platforms, leaving on-chain proofs unable to authenticate detached copies. NFTWAB addresses this limitation through an Intrinsic Forensic Layer and an Integrity and Provenance Anchor Layer. The intrinsic layer embeds imperceptible authorship information into image pixels using a cost-efficient Least Significant Bit (LSB) watermark, while the anchor layer records the IPFS Content Identifier (CID) and a cryptographic commitment (hash) of the embedded watermark bitstream in an ERC-721 smart contract. This design links content-embedded forensic evidence to blockchain-anchored metadata, enabling verification when images circulate off-chain. Experiments on standard test images show high visual quality (PSNR \(>56~\textrm{dB}\) , SSIM \(>0.99\) ), correct watermark recovery in the baseline (no-attack) setting, and modest on-chain gas overhead, demonstrating its practicality for NFT-based image copyright protection.