Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading infectious disease worldwide, exacerbated by comorbidities such as HIV, diabetes, and malnutrition. Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, TB is a chronic airborne infection that can persist in a dormant state. Advances in diagnostics, including molecular tests and imaging with artificial intelligence, have improved early detection. Treatment strategies have evolved with shorter, all-oral regimens, yet drug-resistant TB remains a global challenge. Socioeconomic factors, climate change, and the rise in vulnerable populations further impact TB control efforts. Despite vaccination and preventive therapies, comprehensive approaches integrating medical, social, and economic interventions are crucial for global TB eradication.