Sex and gender substantially shape health outcomes. Biological sex can influence disease responses through genetic, epigenetic, and hormonal mechanisms, whilst gender norms and roles can affect exposure to health risks, and access to healthcare or other resources. Overall, women, girls, and gender minorities are often more vulnerable to climate-related health threats. Differences in susceptibility and varying exposure levels also create gender-specific risks for infectious diseases in a changing climate. Biologically, women tend to have a stronger immune response to a wider range of pathogens. Socially, certain professions, like dock workers, fishermen, and oyster peelers (often dominated by men), face higher risks of exposure to diseases like Vibrio infections, whilst traditional household and caregiving roles may increase women’s exposure to vector-borne diseases and those transmitted person-to-person. Pregnancy poses unique infectious disease risks for women, as immunological and physiological changes can affect their susceptibility, and infections may negatively impact foetal development. For instance, pregnancy is a known risk factor for severe infections from diseases like malaria, dengue virus, and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus. In this chapter, we focus specifically on the impacts of climate change on women and maternal infectious diseases, with a focus on water- and vector-borne diseases, as well as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).