Political Humanness: The Normalcy of Spirit-Children
摘要
Political humanness is a complex construct which has influenced political philosophies over the centuries. Liberal and imperialist discourse appropriated this idea as a racialised notion that produced marginalisation and discrimination across societies. In other words, the idea of political inclusionary-exclusion of these homines sacri (Agamben, 1995, p. 154) manifests differently and throughout societies in different times and places. In this chapter, the notion of intersubjective relations is evoked to understand exclusion and belonging to the political community in Guinea-Bissau, according to indigenous thought. Intersubjective relations create bonds among individuals based on power (a)symmetries, engendering coercion, authoritarianism, and cooperation, which prioritise the individual, the relational, or the communal dimension (Bongmba, 2001; Han, 2019). By considering the local conceptualisation of time, belonging, and space, this chapter exposes the principles setting the boundaries for the political community and defining who its members are. Its members are grounded in a scheme based on shared spatialities and temporalities, which excludes the spirit-children due to their hybrid spirit-and-human nature. The criança-irân appears as a normal irregularity: their deviant nature excludes them from the reciprocating scheme underpinning a political existence. Their exclusion is the norm rather than an exception: their foreignness to political life is a given due to their hybrid essence that mixes a spirit quintessence with human biology. The privation of their rights, including the most basic right to life, does not contradict but attests to the widely accepted principles sustaining the political space.