Pediatric surgery encompasses a broad range of congenital and acquired conditions that arise from the neonatal period through adolescence. This chapter provides an overview of the most common diagnoses encountered in pediatric surgical practice and outlines essential principles of evaluation, perioperative management, and long-term care. Conditions of the head and neck, including thyroglossal duct cysts and branchial cleft anomalies, require a detailed understanding of embryology for accurate diagnosis and operative planning. Thoracic disorders such as congenital diaphragmatic hernia and congenital lung lesions illustrate the importance of coordinated prenatal counseling and postnatal stabilization strategies. Within the gastrointestinal system, esophageal atresia, intestinal atresia, hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, malrotation with volvulus, and necrotizing enterocolitis represent critical neonatal emergencies requiring timely intervention and multidisciplinary care. Additionally, anorectal malformations and Hirschsprung disease highlight the complex interplay between anatomy, physiology, and functional outcomes. This chapter also reviews abdominal wall defects, hepatopancreaticobiliary conditions, and common pediatric hernias. Finally, an overview of pediatric solid tumors, including neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, hepatoblastoma, and teratomas, emphasizes contemporary staging systems, diagnostic workup, and multimodal treatment strategies. By presenting foundational knowledge across organ systems, this chapter equips learners and allied health professionals with essential concepts for recognizing, managing, and supporting children with surgical conditions, while underscoring the importance of early diagnosis, evidence-based interventions, and long-term follow-up in optimizing outcomes.