Indian barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) is a nutritious, climate-resilient and short-duration cereal crop with significant nutrient cycling potential. Its high tolerance to abiotic stresses and its capacity to adapt to marginal and rainfed agroecosystems makes it a good choice for climate smart cultivation. The main objectives of this chapter are to evaluate Indian barnyard millet’s significance and potential in sustainable cultivation as well as nutrient recycling. For this reason, a multi-dimensional analytical approach was used, which combined peer-reviewed literature with the most recent case studies. These studies include use of remote sensing, climate change modeling, multiple site genotype analysis, nutrients use efficiency and yield prediction. The studies suggest that C4 physiology of barnyard millet provides it with outstanding water-use efficiency and fast growth cycle that makes its yield stable under adverse environmental conditions. Studies reveal that the average barnyard dry fodder yield under Indian conditions is about 5 tons/ha. It has also been determined that barnyard millet generates 2–3 times more biomass than traditional cereals with the same amount of water. Indian barnyard millet can be transformed to a non-marginal primary crop by using the traditional, agronomic and biotechnological methods because of its sustainable agriculture use, climate resilience and nutritional security.