The EEG possesses qualities that make it a valuable tool in basic scientific research. Thanks to its faster than millisecond temporal precision, EEG can track fast-paced neurological activity and allow us to investigate its relation to cognitive processes. Its portability and non-invasive nature allow large samples to be tested, and facilitate access to populations that may be difficult to test using other techniques. The design of EEG studies and their interpretation largely relies on broader frameworks from experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience. This enables a systematic approach for relating the brainwave and behavioral observations to neural functions, and for building cognitive models about attention, emotion, language, or memory, among other functions. This chapter focuses on EEG in the context of the broader frameworks from cognitive neuroscience that are the basis for most academic EEG studies. The emphasis is on the process of how such frameworks can be applied to investigate the links between brain, cognition, and behavior, and how these methods contribute to clarify the meaning of EEG rhythms. The chapter ends with brief examples of contributions from other disciplines to EEG, and how EEG-derived knowledge can contribute to questions in other fields of study.