Up to this point, our discussion has centered on mean-field descriptions of BECs, where the macroscopic behavior of the condensate is governed by the balance between kinetic energy and interparticle interactions. However, when systems are pushed beyond this dilute limit, quantum fluctuations and higher-order correlation effects begin to play a crucial role. These beyond-mean-field corrections fundamentally alter the stability and structure of the condensate, leading to the emergence of novel states of matter. In this chapter, we explore how such quantum corrections stabilise self-bound droplets–quantum liquids that exist without external confinement–and how, in dipolar systems, the competition between long-range anisotropic forces and quantum fluctuations gives rise to supersolidity. These phases provide a unique window into the interplay between superfluidity and crystalline order, offering new opportunities to probe collective excitations, phase coherence, and the role of quantum correlations in strongly interacting Bose gases.

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Droplets and Supersolids

  • Carlo F. Barenghi,
  • Thomas Bland,
  • Nick G. Parker

摘要

Up to this point, our discussion has centered on mean-field descriptions of BECs, where the macroscopic behavior of the condensate is governed by the balance between kinetic energy and interparticle interactions. However, when systems are pushed beyond this dilute limit, quantum fluctuations and higher-order correlation effects begin to play a crucial role. These beyond-mean-field corrections fundamentally alter the stability and structure of the condensate, leading to the emergence of novel states of matter. In this chapter, we explore how such quantum corrections stabilise self-bound droplets–quantum liquids that exist without external confinement–and how, in dipolar systems, the competition between long-range anisotropic forces and quantum fluctuations gives rise to supersolidity. These phases provide a unique window into the interplay between superfluidity and crystalline order, offering new opportunities to probe collective excitations, phase coherence, and the role of quantum correlations in strongly interacting Bose gases.