This chapter introduces the book’s conceptual model of identity formation and fragmentation in Iran. It maps the intersection of sociological, cultural, and political variables influencing identity production. Drawing from Durkheim’s solidarity theory, Giddens’s modernity, and Bourdieu’s cultural capital, it constructs a framework that links discourse to institutional practices and power hierarchies. The expanded model examines disparities in ethnicity, the religious landscape, and the historical evolution of Iranian social cohesion. By doing so, it provides an integrated analytical structure to interpret how discursive struggles and structural inequalities shape the shifting boundaries of belonging in Iran.