This chapter examines the historical background of Turkish-Libyan relations, tracing the region’s transformation from ancient times through its incorporation into the Ottoman Empire, which laid the foundation for modern Türkiye–Libya ties. It outlines Libya’s early role as a Phoenician and Roman hub, its transition under Islamic rule, and the subsequent centuries of political contestation among local dynasties, Berber tribes, and external empires. Particular emphasis is placed on the Ottoman conquest of Tripoli in 1551, achieved under Admiral Sinan Pasha and Turgut Reis in response to local appeals against Spanish domination. The chapter explores the administrative structures established under Ottoman rule, including the roles of governors, Janissaries, and the Karamanli dynasty, as well as later centralising reforms such as the elevation of Benghazi to provincial status. Beyond governance, the Ottomans invested in infrastructure, education, healthcare, and commerce in Tripoli and Benghazi, leaving a legacy still visible today in the cityscape and collective memory of Libyans. By integrating military, political, and socio-economic perspectives, this chapter argues that Ottoman policies fostered stability and development in Libya, reinforcing long-standing bonds between the two societies. The analysis demonstrates how these historical dynamics underpin the perception of Türkiye in Libya and set the stage for subsequent diplomatic relations, including those leading to Libya’s independence in the mid-twentieth century.