This chapter examines the differences between a blue economy and a maritime economy in the Eastern Mediterranean region. A blue economy is defined as one that improves human well-being by preserving environmental resources for future generations. Its environmental, climatic, and social aspects are intertwined and interdependent. By contrast, a maritime economy is solely driven by profit motives. A wide literature review was conducted to gather existing information on the maritime and blue economies in the Eastern Mediterranean. Results show two key understandings. The first is that the close connection, and even dependence, of human welfare on healthy seas necessitates management of the marine environment so that it both supports economic prosperity and preserves the natural system needed for sustainable living. The second is that adopting the blue economy paradigm as an approach that inherently requires regional cooperation will enable implementation and full realization of the blue economy even before each country fully and independently, adopts the approach. The present chapter then examines various blue economy sectors that lend themselves to the implementation of a sustainable and regional blue economy paradigm, with a focus on ecotourism and nature conservation. It also proposes guiding principles and policy recommendations to promote the transition from a maritime economy to a regional blue economy. Adopting this blue economy approach holds a promise of regional prosperity and resilience, as well as water, food, and energy security in times of climate crisis and other environmental threats. It also offers hope as a framework for conflict resolution and regional peacebuilding.