The possible role of probiotics as an innovative therapy for various diseases has been studied. Research into the microbiota-host relationship has provided new insights into treatments for diseases such as diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease, which are challenging to treat and have a prolonged evolution time. A search was conducted in databases, yielding a total of 1,399 references from PubMed and Scopus, of which 58 were included in this review. Six groups were identified among the included articles: (1) digestive and intestinal diseases; (2) hepatic and pancreatic diseases; (3) metabolic diseases; (4) neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders; (5) infectious and respiratory diseases; and (6) dermatological, immunological, and oral diseases. A total of 16 diseases were identified, including acne, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, constipation, colorectal cancer, CoV-19 infection, and metabolic diseases. Probiotics can be used to treat a wide range of health issues. Probiotics were analyzed for patients with improved symptoms when used alone or with other treatments. Shorter hospitalization and recovery times were seen in cases of both peri-odontal infections and COVID-19. This therapy also benefited other diseases, such as idiopathic male infertility, improving parameters related to sperm morphology and motility. It is also worth noting that probiotics are ineffective in cases of immunosuppression. Administering them posed a significant risk of superinfection in such cases. Probiotics have shown promise as a treatment, with positive results in various disease parameters. Further studies are needed to determine the most effective probiotics and bacterial combinations, dosages, and application methods. These studies will enhance treatments and evaluate the effectiveness of probiotics as adjuncts for other chronic and degenerative diseases.