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This study examines the synthesis of a molybdenum sulfide/reduced graphene oxide (MoS₂/rGO) nanocomposite using cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) extract as a reducing agent. The synthesized nanomaterial was characterized using UV-Vis, TEM, SEM, XRD, FTIR, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) to evaluate its formation, morphological, chemical, crystallographic, and electrochemical properties. The MoS₂/rGO nanocomposite exhibited distinct flake-like structures of MoS₂, ranging from 600 to 1200 nm, as confirmed by the characteristic peaks, and arranged in a three-dimensional configuration. Meanwhile, the signals corresponding to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were less pronounced, indicating lower crystallinity. Further CV analysis determined the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) to be −3.66 eV and a band gap of 1.87 eV for the MoS₂/rGO nanomaterial. The effectiveness of the nanomaterial was evaluated for the photocatalytic degradation of carbamazepine (CBZ) and diclofenac (DIC). The highest elimination rates achieved were 99.94% for DIC and ~84% for CBZ, both at a pH of 4, utilizing solar irradiation and concentrations of 3 mg/L for the nanocomposite for DIC and 100 mg/L for CBZ. Kinetic analysis revealed that the reaction profiles for both drugs followed a pseudo-first-order model. However, diclofenac degradation occurred one order of magnitude faster than carbamazepine, as indicated by DIC’s higher reaction rate constant. Moreover, mass spectrometry analyses identified a subproduct generated during the photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac at m/z = 278, demonstrating incomplete drug degradation. Statistically, data show that solution pH significantly influences the photocatalytic process by altering the speciation of DIC and CBZ, thereby affecting their interactions with the nanocomposite. The concentration of the MoS₂/rGO is also significant, as it controls the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when exposed to solar irradiation. Based on these results, the as-prepared MoS₂/rGO nanocomposite effectively captures low-energy solar photons, enhances pharmaceutical photocatalytic reactions, and has the potential to be a promising material for wastewater treatment.

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Green Synthesis of MoS2/rGO Nanocomposite: Application on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Carbamazepine and Diclofenac

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Luis Cumbal,
  • Lee Blaney,
  • Yolanda Angulo,
  • Ana Noboa,
  • Mateo Molina

摘要

This study examines the synthesis of a molybdenum sulfide/reduced graphene oxide (MoS₂/rGO) nanocomposite using cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) extract as a reducing agent. The synthesized nanomaterial was characterized using UV-Vis, TEM, SEM, XRD, FTIR, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) to evaluate its formation, morphological, chemical, crystallographic, and electrochemical properties. The MoS₂/rGO nanocomposite exhibited distinct flake-like structures of MoS₂, ranging from 600 to 1200 nm, as confirmed by the characteristic peaks, and arranged in a three-dimensional configuration. Meanwhile, the signals corresponding to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were less pronounced, indicating lower crystallinity. Further CV analysis determined the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) to be −3.66 eV and a band gap of 1.87 eV for the MoS₂/rGO nanomaterial. The effectiveness of the nanomaterial was evaluated for the photocatalytic degradation of carbamazepine (CBZ) and diclofenac (DIC). The highest elimination rates achieved were 99.94% for DIC and ~84% for CBZ, both at a pH of 4, utilizing solar irradiation and concentrations of 3 mg/L for the nanocomposite for DIC and 100 mg/L for CBZ. Kinetic analysis revealed that the reaction profiles for both drugs followed a pseudo-first-order model. However, diclofenac degradation occurred one order of magnitude faster than carbamazepine, as indicated by DIC’s higher reaction rate constant. Moreover, mass spectrometry analyses identified a subproduct generated during the photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac at m/z = 278, demonstrating incomplete drug degradation. Statistically, data show that solution pH significantly influences the photocatalytic process by altering the speciation of DIC and CBZ, thereby affecting their interactions with the nanocomposite. The concentration of the MoS₂/rGO is also significant, as it controls the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when exposed to solar irradiation. Based on these results, the as-prepared MoS₂/rGO nanocomposite effectively captures low-energy solar photons, enhances pharmaceutical photocatalytic reactions, and has the potential to be a promising material for wastewater treatment.