This chapter provides a comparative analysis of key legislative trends (2023–2025) across OSCE countries. It examines three interconnected areas: new discriminatory laws affecting national, religious (particularly Muslim), and linguistic minorities, as well as LGBT+ communities; developments in anti-discrimination norms; and the tightening of anti-extremism and counterterrorism legislation. The analysis highlights divergent trends of liberalisation in some states versus a conservative rollback in others, influenced by rising right-wing populism and security concerns.