Exploring Potential Circularity of Four-Wheel Passenger Vehicles
摘要
Electric vehicles have been used as a decarbonization measure to both meet the goal of GHG reduction and utilize electricity excess in Java Island, Indonesia. The significant increase of electric vehicles will create other problems such as resource scarcity and human toxicity if not coupled with a circular economy approach. To facilitate the circular economy for electric vehicles, the present paper aims at exploring the potential circularity of four-wheeled electric vehicles as well as estimating the recycling rate and the economic value of the recycled materials. Secondary sources from scientific databases were used in the literature survey. The analysis was conducted based on the documents published in the period of 2019–2024. The findings indicated that glass, lead, and steel have a recycling rate of nearly 100%, followed by plastic, copper, aluminum, and cast iron (80–95%). Lead and copper/brass seem to have the highest economic value. With respect to economic value, it appears that copper/brass, followed by lead, has the highest economic worth. The difference between internal combustion electric vehicles (ICEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) lies in the lithium-ion battery components, which account for 3–23% of the total weight of EVs. With respect to the total weight of recycled materials, no significant difference is observed across the vehicles, however, Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) has the highest potential economic values of recycled materials. Future research is also discussed.