An FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) was conducted considering the processes of banana harvesting, post-harvest, and packaging for export. It was evidenced that each of these stages presented potential failures that affected fruit quality, sustainability, and the costs associated with the operation of the supply chain. The main objective is to identify, analyze, and assess the impact of failures in the three stages of the process to implement controls aimed at continuous improvement. This would allow for a quality planning horizon and risk qualification within these stages of the banana export supply chain from Colombia. The FMEA is illustrated as a tool to estimate the probabilities of occurrence of each failure and the causes involved in these stages, using discrete probability distributions to evaluate the presence or absence of each failure and cause, as well as to assess the impacts on the process and the current and proposed controls to minimize these impacts. Meetings were held with specialized teams involved in each stage of the process to form a multidisciplinary team and determine the causes and failures present in each stage. As a result, the identification of causes and effects in the studied processes was achieved, allowing for an improvement in the post-inspection process. This facilitates greater efficiency in detecting causes and solutions for these potential failures, as a guide was generated detailing which process could be affected depending on the type of cause present in the environment. Finally, it was concluded that the application of FMEA in the agricultural industry is innovative, as it marks a before-and-after in preventing errors, detecting defects, and subsequently providing solutions aimed at continuous improvement.