In this chapter, we describe the composition and structure of red spruce (Picea rubensRed spruce ()) dominated upland forests, woodlands, and wetlands of the central and southern Appalachians. Major and minor components are described, as well as diagnostic species, and we discuss similarities and differences between the central and southern Appalachian communities. State and global NatureServeNatureServe associations conservation statuses are also provided. Red spruceRed spruce () communities range from those dominated by red spruceRed spruce () or Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) in large contiguous forests to small remnant patches, and from upland to wetland environments. Associated vascular and non-vascular plantsNon-vascular plants are characterized by generally northern affiliations and also include a number of central and southern Appalachian endemic species. The information in this chapter can be used by managers to plan red spruceRed spruce () plant community restoration efforts in specific environmental settings to mimic natural patterns of plant occurrence.