Ash gourd (Benincasa hispida), a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, is known for its cooling properties and high water content, with widespread use in cuisines and traditional medicines for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This chapter covers foundational background, integrated post-harvest management approaches, comprehensive physico-chemical characterization coupled with nutraceutical composition analysis, advanced extraction protocols for isolating functional compounds, innovative processing technologies and value-added product formulation, distinct bio-chemical profiles and bioactive compound identification in peel and seed fractions. It is maintained that strategic knowledge regarding compound extraction, and market development opportunities for ash gourd can be systematically developed by practitioners through engagement with this chapter.