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Here I investigate the role of onomatopoeia in protest chants and war choruses, focusing on the Toyi-toyi military drill/dance and the 1960 Zhii-iii riots in Bulawayo. I trace the Toyi-toyi’s evolution from military drill to a sacred, vibrational force shaped by encounters between ZANLA guerillas with spirit mediums from the Dande Valley. Introducing the concept of the Ancestral Continuum—an atemporal, multisensory ecosystem where past, present, and future intermingle. These ancestral echoes operate through Sound as tactical loops of resistance, mnemonic, and ontological insurgencies.

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Nyaudzosingwi the Onomatopoeic Factor in Toyi-toyi and Zhii-iii Riots of 1960 Bulawayo

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Masimba Hwati

摘要

Here I investigate the role of onomatopoeia in protest chants and war choruses, focusing on the Toyi-toyi military drill/dance and the 1960 Zhii-iii riots in Bulawayo. I trace the Toyi-toyi’s evolution from military drill to a sacred, vibrational force shaped by encounters between ZANLA guerillas with spirit mediums from the Dande Valley. Introducing the concept of the Ancestral Continuum—an atemporal, multisensory ecosystem where past, present, and future intermingle. These ancestral echoes operate through Sound as tactical loops of resistance, mnemonic, and ontological insurgencies.