The standard treatment of thyroiditis is generally “medical” in the form of replacing thyroid hormone in cases of hypothyroidism, antibiotics in patients with acute suppurative thyroiditis, and corticosteroids for some cases of Riedel’s thyroiditis. “Surgical” intervention for the treatment of thyroiditis is exceptionally indicated, accounting for <1% of all thyroid procedures. The most frequent surgical indications are abscess for drainage, compressive symptoms, and the presence or suspicion of malignancy. However, surgeries in cases of thyroiditis carry the risk of intra-operative and post-operative complications. It is conceivable that each case should be individualized in deciding whether to operate or not by assessing the benefit-risk ratio. Many reports in the literature cover the medical management of thyroiditis; however, only a few discuss the surgical part in the form of surgery indications, surgery type, and post-operative complications in comparison to non-thyroiditis cases. The reported indications of surgery in thyroiditis include compressive symptoms such as dysphagia, dyspnea, or shortness of breath with impact on daily activities, and voice change. Other indications are pain, cosmetic deformity, toxic multinodular goiter, and nodular variant of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, lack of response to medical therapy, retro-sternal extension, and more seriously, presence or suspicion of malignancy in the thyroid gland. The risk of cancer in patients with thyroiditis exists mainly in the case of a solitary or cold nodule, a positive family history of thyroid cancer, and a rapidly growing goiter. In cases of acute suppurative thyroiditis, surgery is indicated for the treatment of an abscess and/or fistula. This chapter discusses the role of surgery in the management of different types of thyroiditis.