The careful selection of pharmacological agents in nonhuman primate research is essential to ensure safe and effective experimental and clinical procedures and to safeguard animal welfare. A thorough understanding of the relevant medications is therefore fundamental for all professionals working in this field. This chapter provides a concise overview of pharmacological agents commonly used in nonhuman primate anaesthesia, analgesia, diagnostics and perioperative care. It introduces principal drug classes along with their pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and practical applications, and presents representative examples of each class, including their indications and contraindications. By outlining the fundamental pharmacological principles and key drug groups, this chapter aims to provide a solid conceptual foundation for informed and responsible practice.