The evolution of the electronics industry and the increasing demand for consumer products have reshaped the design of integrated circuits (ICs). Nowadays, deep nanometer integration technologies allow for extremely complex ICs, while simultaneously providing smaller and more power-efficient components. The IC market, valued at USD 390.4 billion in 2024, and projected to grow from USD 424.75 billion in 2025 to USD 615.91 billion in 2029, underscores the importance of addressing every design challenge of the IC industry (The Business Research Company, Integrated Circuits Global Market Report 2025 tech rep, 2025). The development of these electronics systems is crucial to meet society’s evolving needs, driven by advancements in global communications. When it comes to the effective planning and design of these systems, digital circuits are naturally chosen to implement most of the functionalities, however, almost every system relies on some interaction with the real world, and that is where analog, radio frequency (RF) and millimeter wavelength (mmWave) parts come into play. Systems where these two types of circuitries are employed are denominated mixed-signal systems-on-a-chip (SoCs), and they can be found almost everywhere.

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Introduction

  • Pedro Alberto Oliveira Paiva,
  • José Pedro Ponte Mota da Costa,
  • Filipe Parrado de Azevedo,
  • Ricardo Miguel Ferreira Martins

摘要

The evolution of the electronics industry and the increasing demand for consumer products have reshaped the design of integrated circuits (ICs). Nowadays, deep nanometer integration technologies allow for extremely complex ICs, while simultaneously providing smaller and more power-efficient components. The IC market, valued at USD 390.4 billion in 2024, and projected to grow from USD 424.75 billion in 2025 to USD 615.91 billion in 2029, underscores the importance of addressing every design challenge of the IC industry (The Business Research Company, Integrated Circuits Global Market Report 2025 tech rep, 2025). The development of these electronics systems is crucial to meet society’s evolving needs, driven by advancements in global communications. When it comes to the effective planning and design of these systems, digital circuits are naturally chosen to implement most of the functionalities, however, almost every system relies on some interaction with the real world, and that is where analog, radio frequency (RF) and millimeter wavelength (mmWave) parts come into play. Systems where these two types of circuitries are employed are denominated mixed-signal systems-on-a-chip (SoCs), and they can be found almost everywhere.