This chapter profiles Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910), the first woman to graduate from medical school in the United States, and pioneer who opened medicine to women globally (National Library of Medicine, Biography: Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/changing-the-face-of-medicine/physicians/biography_elizabeth_blackwell.html , n.d.; Britannica, Elizabeth Blackwell. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-Blackwell , n.d.; Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Blackwell, Elizabeth (1821–1910), physician. https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-31912 , n.d.; Encyclopedia.com, Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910) biography. https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/medicine/medicine-biographies/elizabeth-blackwell , n.d.). Born in Bristol, England, Dr. Blackwell immigrated with her family to the United States in 1832 (Britannica, Elizabeth Blackwell. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-Blackwell , n.d.; Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Blackwell, Elizabeth (1821–1910), physician. https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-31912 , n.d.; Encyclopedia.com, Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910) biography. https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/medicine/medicine-biographies/elizabeth-blackwell , n.d.; Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Elizabeth Blackwell biography. https://www.hws.edu/about/history/elizabeth-blackwell/biography.aspx , n.d.). After numerous rejections, Geneva Medical College in New York admitted her in 1847 when male students voted unanimously for her admission as a joke (Encyclopedia.com, Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910) biography. https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/medicine/medicine-biographies/elizabeth-blackwell , n.d.; Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Elizabeth Blackwell biography. https://www.hws.edu/about/history/elizabeth-blackwell/biography.aspx , n.d.; Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Celebrating 150 years of women in medicine. https://www.hws.edu/about/history/elizabeth-blackwell/150-years.aspx , n.d.; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Women in medicine and science at Upstate: Elizabeth Blackwell MD. https://guides.upstate.edu/women-in-medicine/elizabeth-blackwell , n.d.). She graduated first in her class in 1849, becoming America’s first female physician (Britannica, Elizabeth Blackwell. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-Blackwell , n.d.; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Women in medicine and science at Upstate: Elizabeth Blackwell MD. https://guides.upstate.edu/women-in-medicine/elizabeth-blackwell , n.d.). Despite losing an eye to infection during Paris training, she became the first woman on Britain’s Medical Register (1858) (Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Elizabeth Blackwell biography. https://www.hws.edu/about/history/elizabeth-blackwell/biography.aspx , n.d.; Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Celebrating 150 years of women in medicine. https://www.hws.edu/about/history/elizabeth-blackwell/150-years.aspx , n.d.; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Women in medicine and science at Upstate: Elizabeth Blackwell MD. https://guides.upstate.edu/women-in-medicine/elizabeth-blackwell , n.d.). She founded the New York Infirmary for Women and Children (1857) with sister Emily and established the Women’s Medical College of the New York Infirmary (1868), introducing four-year clinical training (SUNY Upstate Medical University, Women in medicine and science at Upstate: Elizabeth Blackwell MD. https://guides.upstate.edu/women-in-medicine/elizabeth-blackwell , n.d.; National Library of Medicine, Changing the face of medicine: Biography of Elizabeth Blackwell. https://cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov/physicians/biography_35.html , n.d.; NewYork-Presbyterian, It happened here: Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell. https://healthmatters.nyp.org/happened-dr-elizabeth-blackwell/ , n.d.). She published extensively, including her autobiography “Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women” (1895) (Blackwell, The laws of life, with special reference to the physical education of girls. George P. Putnam. https://archive.org/details/61360800R.nlm.nih.gov , 1852; Blackwell, Medicine as a profession for women. Trustees of the New York Infirmary for Women. https://archive.org/details/62630060R.nlm.nih.gov , 1860; Blackwell, Counsel to parents on the moral education of their children. Hatchards. https://archive.org/details/b22354347 , 1879; Blackwell, Pioneer work in opening the medical profession to women. Longmans, Green, and Co. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65496 , 1895; Blackwell, Essays in medical sociology. Ernest Bell. https://archive.org/details/39002006316815.med.yale.edu , 1902). Dr. Blackwell died in 1910 having trained thousands of female physicians. By her death, over 9000 female doctors practiced in America (Encyclopedia.com, Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910) biography. https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/medicine/medicine-biographies/elizabeth-blackwell , n.d.; Barnes & Noble, Essays in medical sociology, volume 1 of 2. https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/essays-in-medical-sociology-volume-1-of-2-elizabeth-blackwell/1143237661 , n.d.).

Elizabeth Blackwell, MD

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2026年

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Ogochukwu M. Cox

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This chapter profiles Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910), the first woman to graduate from medical school in the United States, and pioneer who opened medicine to women globally (National Library of Medicine, Biography: Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/changing-the-face-of-medicine/physicians/biography_elizabeth_blackwell.html , n.d.; Britannica, Elizabeth Blackwell. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-Blackwell , n.d.; Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Blackwell, Elizabeth (1821–1910), physician. https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-31912 , n.d.; Encyclopedia.com, Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910) biography. https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/medicine/medicine-biographies/elizabeth-blackwell , n.d.). Born in Bristol, England, Dr. Blackwell immigrated with her family to the United States in 1832 (Britannica, Elizabeth Blackwell. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-Blackwell , n.d.; Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Blackwell, Elizabeth (1821–1910), physician. https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-31912 , n.d.; Encyclopedia.com, Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910) biography. https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/medicine/medicine-biographies/elizabeth-blackwell , n.d.; Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Elizabeth Blackwell biography. https://www.hws.edu/about/history/elizabeth-blackwell/biography.aspx , n.d.). After numerous rejections, Geneva Medical College in New York admitted her in 1847 when male students voted unanimously for her admission as a joke (Encyclopedia.com, Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910) biography. https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/medicine/medicine-biographies/elizabeth-blackwell , n.d.; Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Elizabeth Blackwell biography. https://www.hws.edu/about/history/elizabeth-blackwell/biography.aspx , n.d.; Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Celebrating 150 years of women in medicine. https://www.hws.edu/about/history/elizabeth-blackwell/150-years.aspx , n.d.; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Women in medicine and science at Upstate: Elizabeth Blackwell MD. https://guides.upstate.edu/women-in-medicine/elizabeth-blackwell , n.d.). She graduated first in her class in 1849, becoming America’s first female physician (Britannica, Elizabeth Blackwell. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-Blackwell , n.d.; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Women in medicine and science at Upstate: Elizabeth Blackwell MD. https://guides.upstate.edu/women-in-medicine/elizabeth-blackwell , n.d.). Despite losing an eye to infection during Paris training, she became the first woman on Britain’s Medical Register (1858) (Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Elizabeth Blackwell biography. https://www.hws.edu/about/history/elizabeth-blackwell/biography.aspx , n.d.; Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Celebrating 150 years of women in medicine. https://www.hws.edu/about/history/elizabeth-blackwell/150-years.aspx , n.d.; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Women in medicine and science at Upstate: Elizabeth Blackwell MD. https://guides.upstate.edu/women-in-medicine/elizabeth-blackwell , n.d.). She founded the New York Infirmary for Women and Children (1857) with sister Emily and established the Women’s Medical College of the New York Infirmary (1868), introducing four-year clinical training (SUNY Upstate Medical University, Women in medicine and science at Upstate: Elizabeth Blackwell MD. https://guides.upstate.edu/women-in-medicine/elizabeth-blackwell , n.d.; National Library of Medicine, Changing the face of medicine: Biography of Elizabeth Blackwell. https://cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov/physicians/biography_35.html , n.d.; NewYork-Presbyterian, It happened here: Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell. https://healthmatters.nyp.org/happened-dr-elizabeth-blackwell/ , n.d.). She published extensively, including her autobiography “Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women” (1895) (Blackwell, The laws of life, with special reference to the physical education of girls. George P. Putnam. https://archive.org/details/61360800R.nlm.nih.gov , 1852; Blackwell, Medicine as a profession for women. Trustees of the New York Infirmary for Women. https://archive.org/details/62630060R.nlm.nih.gov , 1860; Blackwell, Counsel to parents on the moral education of their children. Hatchards. https://archive.org/details/b22354347 , 1879; Blackwell, Pioneer work in opening the medical profession to women. Longmans, Green, and Co. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65496 , 1895; Blackwell, Essays in medical sociology. Ernest Bell. https://archive.org/details/39002006316815.med.yale.edu , 1902). Dr. Blackwell died in 1910 having trained thousands of female physicians. By her death, over 9000 female doctors practiced in America (Encyclopedia.com, Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910) biography. https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/medicine/medicine-biographies/elizabeth-blackwell , n.d.; Barnes & Noble, Essays in medical sociology, volume 1 of 2. https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/essays-in-medical-sociology-volume-1-of-2-elizabeth-blackwell/1143237661 , n.d.).