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The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionised the treatment landscape for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). This review focuses on PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and avelumab, and the CTLA4 blocker ipilimumab, including their role in the management of mRCC. ICIs target the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway to restore T-cell-mediated immune responses, enhancing antitumor activity. Combination therapies, such as nivolumab with ipilimumab or tyrosine kinase inhibitors, have shown significant efficacy in intermediate- and poor-risk mRCC, improving survival outcomes. ICIs carry risks of severe immune-related adverse events. Stratified approaches based on IMDC risk and biomarkers continue to evolve, optimising patient outcomes in mRCC and adjuvant localised RCC treatment.

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Immuno-Oncology in Renal Cell Carcinoma

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Katie Chan,
  • Natalie Charnley

摘要

The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionised the treatment landscape for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). This review focuses on PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and avelumab, and the CTLA4 blocker ipilimumab, including their role in the management of mRCC. ICIs target the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway to restore T-cell-mediated immune responses, enhancing antitumor activity. Combination therapies, such as nivolumab with ipilimumab or tyrosine kinase inhibitors, have shown significant efficacy in intermediate- and poor-risk mRCC, improving survival outcomes. ICIs carry risks of severe immune-related adverse events. Stratified approaches based on IMDC risk and biomarkers continue to evolve, optimising patient outcomes in mRCC and adjuvant localised RCC treatment.