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The tumour microenvironment plays a key role in immune evasion, creating challenges for cancer treatment. Checkpoint inhibitors such as PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 can enhance immune responses but come with significant side effects. Monoclonal antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) provide targeted cancer therapy, improving precision while minimising systemic toxicity. Cytokines, cancer vaccines, and adoptive cell therapy (CAR-T, TILs) offer alternative immunotherapy strategies but are not commonly used in urology. Combination therapies, including immunotherapy with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, can improve patient outcomes. Understanding the side effects of these drugs is critical for optimising treatment.

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Principles of Immunotherapy

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Craig Jones

摘要

The tumour microenvironment plays a key role in immune evasion, creating challenges for cancer treatment. Checkpoint inhibitors such as PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 can enhance immune responses but come with significant side effects. Monoclonal antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) provide targeted cancer therapy, improving precision while minimising systemic toxicity. Cytokines, cancer vaccines, and adoptive cell therapy (CAR-T, TILs) offer alternative immunotherapy strategies but are not commonly used in urology. Combination therapies, including immunotherapy with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, can improve patient outcomes. Understanding the side effects of these drugs is critical for optimising treatment.