Climate Finance (CF) includes the use of money market instruments like green bonds, loans, credit, and grants that support eco-resilient activities and climate mitigation. In our study, we tried to explore the current research trend in climate financing options over the last 10 years. The current status of growth of climate finance is also studied, taking the case study method on a few relevant economies around the world. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) framework is used for the systematic analysis of existing literature. The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) is calculated to realize the penetration of CF in high and low-middle-income countries. The existing literature on CF is inclined towards the issue of green bonds r than any other instruments. Some research barriers to the implementation of CF instruments are also highlighted. On the other hand, the case study approach across high-income and low-middle-income countries during 2019–2024 reveals notable differences in growth trends and investment priorities, with high-income countries having extreme CAGR values indicating higher volatility and a more dynamic financial market, whereas low and middle-income countries are gradually expanding their CF portfolios. Overall, the study provides comprehensive insights into the evolving landscape of green and CF between 2015 and 2025, along with policy recommendations.