This chapter critically examines Pan-Africanism as both a liberatory ideology and a contested practice of continental unity. Rooted in Afrocentric political thought and anti-colonial resistance, Pan-Africanism emerged as a response to the fragmentation imposed by imperial borders and the epistemic violence of colonialism. Tracing its evolution from the diasporic visions of W. E. B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, and George Padmore to the political federationist aspirations of Kwame Nkrumah, the chapter situates Pan-Africanism within broader debates in post-colonial state theory and transnational political movements. It explores the structural and ideological challenges that have historically hindered its realization, including inherited colonial boundaries, elite-driven nationalism, Cold War alliances, and the global dominance of capital. In challenging dismissals of Pan-Africanism as merely rhetorical or utopian, the chapter highlights its enduring adaptability and contemporary relevance. From the AfCFTA to digital activism and youth-led movements, Pan-Africanism is increasingly expressed through pragmatic and layered forms of integration—economic, cultural, and philosophical. Ultimately, the chapter argues that Pan-Africanism remains a vital project of resistance and reconstruction, anchoring Africa’s pursuit of sovereignty, cooperation, and self-definition. Its significance lies not only in institutional frameworks but also in the cultivation of a shared African consciousness committed to justice, solidarity, and liberation.