Energy storage systems are fundamental to the evolution of modern transportation, serving a dual function by both enhancing operational efficiency and securing critical infrastructure. This paper examines the multifaceted role of these technologies in a transport sector increasingly dependent on stable and reliable energy. Energy storage is crucial for the sector’s decarbonization, stabilizing power grids strained by electric vehicle charging, and improving the flexibility of transport systems like high-speed rail and drone delivery. Beyond these daily operational benefits, energy storage is a vital component for ensuring national resilience. It guarantees the continuity of essential transport services during power outages, extreme weather events, or cyberattacks. For critical hubs such as airports, ports, and logistics centers, storage systems provide uninterruptible power, safeguarding against systemic disruptions. This synergistic relationship, where technologies supporting the energy transition also fortify national security, positions energy storage as an indispensable element in developing a robust, efficient, and secure transportation network.