This chapter will address resource nationalism as well as the ethnic tensions that are present in the case studies of the Persian Gulf following the theoretical paradigms covered in Chapter 3 . The chapter will first cover accounts of resource nationalism since the concept possesses many understandings given its amorphous definition. Coupled with the accounts of the concept would be the motivations and incentives for implementing resource nationalism. Next, state interpretations of resource nationalism in the case studies will be examined. There, historical usage of the concept in addition to its experience within the case studies will be covered. Naturally, the interpretations will vary depending on political systems as well as temporal context and it is important to review since it impacts the current manifestation of resource nationalism in each of the case studies. The chapter will then move to address the role of ethnicity in association with resource nationalism. Particularly, a conceptual overview of ethnicity and its factors leading to tensions will be touched upon as it will provide a structured platform from which the association of resource nationalism and ethnic tensions can be analyzed. Afterwards, current manifestations of the concept using the aforementioned findings will be explored. Sovereign wealth funds will subsequently be accounted for as it will be revealed that their establishment and sustainment is directly correlated with a policy of resource nationalism. Next, the shortcomings of the concept will be mentioned since every notion has its limitations, which are moreover areas in which the concept will be able to modify and ameliorate in order to make up for its inadequacies. Following a product of resource nationalism, the conclusion will lead to the succeeding chapter of energy security and the geopolitics of petroleum.