The demand for energy that is environmentally friendly has risen and consequently, the production of biofuels came to be researched in the renewable energy sector. Such substances as activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, graphene, biochar, and carbon dots, which are all forms of carbon, have been given considerable attention as the main participants in the processes of biofuel generation for their unique structural, chemical, and catalytic properties. The materials in question exhibit very high surface area, together with very good electrical conductivity, adjustable surface characteristics, and magnificent adsorption capabilities, which make them very suitable for the different processes mentioned above, like augmentation of biomass conversion, refining of bio-oil, enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis, and fostering of operations in microbial fuel cells. The most recent developments have pointed to the possibility that carbon-based catalysts may significantly increase the yield and selectivity of the respective processes for biodiesel and bioethanol production while at the same time lessening the energy demand and waste generation. The application of nanostructured carbon materials is a significant breakthrough to the developing of photocatalytic and electrocatalytic systems for biofuel production which is a great way energy conversion can be made more efficient and sustainable. Carbon-based materials are the subject matter of this chapter that goes far beyond a mere summary. The manufacture, alteration, and utilization of these substances in biofuel technologies that are viable in nature are explored in this chapter. The chapter goes a step further than merely summarizing the literature and takes a critical look at the main issues blocking the way to the general use of these materials, including their large-scale production, high cost, short life, and negative environmental impact. This chapter not only points out the obstacles but also puts forward key research paths to overcome these challenges. Ultimately, I highlight prospective research avenues that could enhance the efficacy of these technologies and facilitate their adoption within the industry. In short, the combination of material science and bioenergy points out the role that carbon-based materials play in the worldwide move toward better and green energy resources.