The aviation sector is one of the transportation sectors with the most significant environmental impact due to emission from fossil fuel use. In recent years, interest in alternative energy sources and electric propulsion systems has increased in line with sustainability goals. This study examines electric aircraft technologies, the current state of energy storage systems, the development of battery technologies, and lithium-ion battery (LiB) applications in aviation. The findings show that advances in battery technology have improved performance and helped reduce some limitations of hybrid systems. However, high costs and limited energy density remain barriers to widespread adoption.