With the consolidation and closure of low-efficiency coal mines in China, the issue of mine water pollution caused by abandoned coal mines or goafs has become increasingly prominent, posing significant threats to mine safety, environmental protection, and rational resource utilization. To address the challenges of unclear distribution patterns and ambiguous boundaries of mine water, this study focuses on the Modigou Coal Mine in Hejin, Shanxi Province. Integrated geophysical prospecting methods, including microtremor imaging, reflection seismic surveys, and high-density electrical resistivity tomography, were employed to accurately identify the spatial distribution of goafs. By correlating logging resistivity and acoustic wave data, a detailed physical property map was constructed. Dry goafs exhibit high resistivity (300–500 Ω.m) and low velocity (0–1000 m/s), while water-bearing goafs show low resistivity (<200 Ω.m) and low velocity (0–1100 m/s), with both displaying chaotic or distorted reflected wave groups. Validation through multiple boreholes confirmed the locations of goafs, demonstrating that the integrated geophysical approach significantly enhances the accuracy and reliability of goaf detection. This study provides a scientific basis and technical support for goaf identification in complex geological conditions, offering practical value for subsequent remediation and development.