In order to explore the deformation characteristics of roadway surrounding rock controlled with bolt, considering the rock rheology, the anchoring effect, and the influence of the intermediate principal stress, a four-stage strain softening model for the deformation of roadway surrounding rock is introduced. Based on the law of constant total load of surrounding rock, and in combination with the analytical results of existing literature and the equivalent strength theory of the anchored surrounding rock, the radius of each deformation zone is derived. Finally, taking an engineering example as the basis, the influence of anchor rod density and rock rheology on the stress and strain of the surrounding rock and the radius of the deformation zone is systematically analyzed. The analysis results show that the strengthening effect of anchor support on roadway surrounding rock is obvious and effective, but its reinforcement effect gradually weakens with the increase of anchor density. The rock rheology significantly affect the stress and strain distribution and the radius of the surrounding rock deformation zone. The calculation results considering rheology are more in line with the actual engineering situation. Otherwise, the surrounding rock strength will be seriously overestimated, which differs from the actual situation very large.