Understanding the challenges in establishing gamma dose exposure is critical, particularly in defining dose limits for both the public and occupational workers. Accurate assessment requires a clear understanding of the existing natural background radiation as well as contributions from anthropogenic sources. In some cases, anthropogenic activities can influence or amplify natural radiation levels, making it essential to account for their combined impact. This chapter highlights the key factors that affect dose estimation, prediction accuracy, and risk assessment. Emphasis is placed on the scientific and regulatory challenges associated with current dose guidelines. The chapter aims to provide a comprehensive discussion of existing recommendations and their relevance to safety, with a focus on identifying gaps and proposing future directions.