Ionizing radiation has a high enough energy to damage living cells’ genetic material (DNA) by upsetting the atoms within them. Fortunately, the cells in our bodies are remarkably skilled at mending this damage. However, if the damage is not properly repaired, a cell may eventually die or develop cancer. This essay examines the characteristics, mechanism, and impact of ionizing radiation on human health. Both the human embryo and the fetus are extremely vulnerable to ionizing radiation. Even at low radiation levels, exposure can have a variety of health effects, which will have an impact on the mother. These repercussions may include brain damage, cancer, deformities, and growth retardation. Biological effects can be classified as either stochastic or deterministic. Probabilistic effects or known as stochastic effects are those that happen by accident. The emergence of cancer in an exposed organ or tissue is an incredibly rare stochastic effect. Usually, the likelihood of an event is directly related to the dosage taken. Both the direct and indirect actions of radiation can have a biological impact. Radiation exposure can come from a variety of external or internal exposure routes. The sensitivity of various organs to ionizing radiation varies. Ionizing radiation are radiations which possess enough energy to distinct electrons from molecules or atoms and ionize them. Excessive energy discharged is ionizing radiation and spontaneous disintegration of atoms can be referred to the term radioactivity. The potential for health risks rises with usage of ionizing radiation.