Wireless Underground Sensor Networks suffer path-loss, energy consumption, and maintenance issues since radio links must penetrate dense soil and subterranean batteries are hard to replace. This paper presents a 2 layers Fuzzy C-Means clustering approach using residual energy, node position, communication radius, neighbours list, and soil domain to address these challenges. Fuzzy membership balances detecting and forwarding load in each lowest-tier cluster so no node becomes cluster head again. The super cluster head may be the previous cluster head and relay nodes in the second layer. They reduce hops and balance inter-cluster traffic by sending aggregated traffic to the base station. In MATLAB 2018a, the technique is compared against LEACH and HLEACH using 100 sensor nodes, 10% of which are buried. Energy consumption and disconnected nodes show that 2 layers FCM extends network lifetime to 47100 rounds, 2.5 times longer than LEACH and 1.6 times longer than HLEACH, with 1 800 J of leftover energy after termination. These results demonstrate that the 2 layers FCM strategy can observe numerous WUSNs with energy-aware routing, improving smart-city, smart agriculture, and subsurface monitoring deployment lifetime and connection.

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Energy Efficiency Clustering and Routing Algorithm for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks in Multiple Observed Areas Using Fuzzy C-Means

  • Mai Ha Thi,
  • Le Tuan Anh,
  • Tran Tuan Toan,
  • Nguyen Tran Quoc Vinh,
  • Luong Thi Hong Lan

摘要

Wireless Underground Sensor Networks suffer path-loss, energy consumption, and maintenance issues since radio links must penetrate dense soil and subterranean batteries are hard to replace. This paper presents a 2 layers Fuzzy C-Means clustering approach using residual energy, node position, communication radius, neighbours list, and soil domain to address these challenges. Fuzzy membership balances detecting and forwarding load in each lowest-tier cluster so no node becomes cluster head again. The super cluster head may be the previous cluster head and relay nodes in the second layer. They reduce hops and balance inter-cluster traffic by sending aggregated traffic to the base station. In MATLAB 2018a, the technique is compared against LEACH and HLEACH using 100 sensor nodes, 10% of which are buried. Energy consumption and disconnected nodes show that 2 layers FCM extends network lifetime to 47100 rounds, 2.5 times longer than LEACH and 1.6 times longer than HLEACH, with 1 800 J of leftover energy after termination. These results demonstrate that the 2 layers FCM strategy can observe numerous WUSNs with energy-aware routing, improving smart-city, smart agriculture, and subsurface monitoring deployment lifetime and connection.