This chapter focuses on the ability and willingness of the Netherlands to contribute to the EU’s future security and defence. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine provided the final incentive for a Dutch decision to invest heavily in the country’s armed forces, culminating in acceptance of the 5% NATO GDP pledge at the NATO summit in the Hague. Simultaneously, the Netherlands confirmed its support for the policies and initiatives needed to strengthen EU security and Defence, including ‘Readiness 2030’ and the European Defence Industry Programme. However, despite the war in Ukraine and wavering American support for NATO, Dutch enthusiasm for EU security and defence remains lukewarm. The Dutch position vis-à-vis recent EU defence initiatives remains dominated by traditional financial concerns. Most mainstream political parties stick to ‘NATO first’, with the EU in a complementary role. The Netherlands’ 2025 top five threat perceptions are included later in this chapter. Dutch public opinion reflects a medium to high (‘yellow’) threat level perception, showing that concern has grown about the possibility of involvement in war and the lack of European military capacity to defend itself.