The global burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women is significant, accounting for 1 in 3 female deaths in the United States and worldwide. There is a growing body of evidence highlighting sex-based differences in CVD pathophysiology, presentation, and response to therapy. Emerging data now recognize that reproductive risk factors (e.g., adverse pregnancy outcomes, premature age of menopause) have been linked to both short- and long-term cardiometabolic and cardiovascular health. Cardiovascular risk assessment in women should adopt a life course perspective, and reproductive risk factor screening should be embedded into routine cardiovascular practice. In this textbook, we will characterize two key periods in a woman’s life course and their relevance to both short- and long-term cardiovascular health: (1) reproductive age (time between menarche and menopause) and (2) post-reproductive age (following menopause).