Figure Skating in Ice
摘要
Figure skating has come a long way, since the foundation of ISU in 1892, from sliding on ice and magnificent figures by Nikolai Panin (the first Olympic games champion, 1908) to modern figure skating, performed by individuals or pairs, with full of sophisticated elements—jumps, spins, lifts, and step sequences. Classical and the least traumatic figures on ice, such as circles, figures of eight, and many other elements, first described in 1772 by British figure skater Robert Jones, were performed till the end of the nineteenth century. Eventually, the elements became more complex, and these school figures were introduced in the international competitions till 1989. Nowadays, they are performed in step sequences. Figure skating jumps, characterized by high traumatism, were introduced from the end of the nineteenth century till 1920–1930. Axel, considered to be one of the most complex classical jumps, was first executed by Alex Paulsen in the 1880s. At the men’s single competitions, this element was performed in the beginning of twentieth century and at the women’s in the 1920s. Till the 1960s, only single and double jumps were performed. Vern Taylor was the first to execute triple Axel at the international competitions in 1978. The quadruple Axel, for a long time considered impossible, has been landed by Ilia Malinin. Nowadays, in ISU competitions, up to five quadruple jumps are accomplished in the free skating program. Over the years, figure skating gets more and more complex and potentially more traumatic.