Low back pain (LBP) is a leading cause of morbidity worldwide, with significant health, economic, and social consequences. This chapter provides a comprehensive examination of LBP, focusing primarily on data from the United States, while incorporating global trends where relevant. We explore the epidemiology, prevalence, and risk factors of LBP. The economic burden of LBP is analyzed through both direct healthcare costs and indirect productivity losses. Treatment strategies, including surgical approaches, are discussed in the context of clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Finally, we address the socioeconomic consequences of LBP, highlighting its impact on work productivity and healthcare expenditures, and call for continued research and resource optimization.